Department of Medicine


The Department of Medicine under the section of Pulmonary and Critical Care offers three ACGME-approved positions per year for its one year clinical fellowship training program in Sleep Medicine. The Sleep Fellowship program at the University of Chicago, under the direction of Dr. Babak Mokhlesi, Associate Professor of Medicine, draws upon the enormous resources and diversity of our University. We take pride in our multidisciplinary approach to Sleep Medicine with faculty members with expertise in pulmonary, neurology, pediatric pulmonology and pediatric neurology, endocrinology, pediatric and adult ear nose and throat surgery, and dentistry.

The fellowship program offers unique clinical and research experiences in order to meet our goal of training the next generation of leaders in sleep medicine. The clinical training program meets the requirements of the American Board of Medical Specialties for the Sleep Medicine Board examination.


Brief History of Sleep Medicine at the University of Chicago

The University of Chicago has a most distinguished history in this field. Sleep research began at the University of Chicago when Professor Nathaniel Kleitman established the world's first sleep laboratory in the late 1920s. He was the first scientist to concentrate entirely on sleep. In 1939, he published the first major textbook on sleep, Sleep and Wakefulness, which rapidly became the gold standard of sleep researchers everywhere. Dr. Kleitman and doctoral student Eugene Aserinsky revolutionized sleep research in 1953 when they announced the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and its association with dreaming. This finding is usually considered the birth of modern scientific interest in sleep. Later in the decade, Kleitman and one of his students, Dr. William Dement, developed the techniques of all-night sleep recording, using measurements of eye motion and EEGs of brain activity. They used these measurements to chart the sequence of sleep patterns over the course of a night. This changed the established notion that sleep was a single state. The further discovery in 1955 that Narcolepsy had a neurophysiologic abnormality demonstrated by unusual premature REM onset sleep as opposed to the 90 minute delay encountered in normal individuals was a major step in the characterization of this condition. University of Chicago researchers Dr. Allan Rechtschaffen and Gerry Vogel, working with colleagues (including Dr. William Dement), described narcolepsy--the first true sleep disorder--in a landmark paper in 1963. Over the years, Dr. Rechtshaffen went on to become one of the single most respected basic and animal sleep investigators of this field performing experiments in rats that demonstrated the lethal consequences of long-term (two weeks or more) sleep deprivation. In 1968 Rechtshaffen together with Dr. Anthony Kales of UCLA standardized the scoring system for human sleep stages which is currently used today.

The cutting edge research in sleep continues today with the work of Dr. David Gozal, a pioneer and a prominent authority in the study of childhood sleep problems and the relationship between sleep disorders and neurobehavioral or cardiovascular diseases, and Dr. Eve Van Cauter, an authority on the metabolic and cardiovascular impacts of sleep deprivation and obstructive sleep apnea.

Requirements for Admission to the Sleep Medicine Fellowship Program

The fellowship program values diversity and strongly encourages applicants from a wide variety of backgrounds. Early application submission is encouraged to allow adequate time for scheduling interviews. After we receive your completed application including three supporting letters, your file will be reviewed and you will be notified regarding the advisability of an interview. The requirements include:

  • M.D. or equivalent degree
  • Successful completion of an ACGME-certified internal medicine, neurology, psychiatry, or pediatrics residency program sponsored by a major university in the United States or Canada
  • For graduates of medical schools outside the U.S. and Canada, appropriate certification by the USMLE/FLEX
  • Licensed by the State of Illinois at the beginning of the fellowship

Applicants invited to an interview spend the day with faculty and fellows. Applicants meet with several members of the fellowship program, enjoy lunch and a tour of our clinical and research facilities, and sit in on a conference and a session of polysomnogram interpretation.

Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions about our training program. Inquires concerning the fellowship program should be directed to Dr. Babak Mokhlesi.

Sleep Medicine Fellowship Program Director:
Babak Mokhlesi, M.D., telephone: 773-702-2181
bmokhles@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu

The application deadline for starting July 1st, 2010 is August 1st, 2009. Interviews will be scheduled throughout the months of July, August, and September of 2009. Please send either by e-mail or regular mail a completed application form, cover letter, CV and three letters of recommendation to:

Sleep Medicine Fellowship Coordinator:
Cindy Gonzales
Sleep Medicine Fellowship Program
Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
The University of Chicago
5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 6076/Room W652
Chicago, IL 60637
Tel: 773-834-8951
Fax: 773-702-6500


Clinical Training in Sleep Medicine Fellowship

All fellows in the Sleep Medicine Fellowship Program complete 12 months of clinical training based at the University of Chicago Medical Center, a tertiary care referral hospital serving the south side of Chicago and northwest Indiana and at the University of Chicago Medical Center at 150 East Huron Street in downtown Chicago (http://www.ucmc150.uchicago.edu/). Clinical activities include:

  • Pulmonary Sleep Disorders Clinic
  • Neurology Sleep Disorders Clinic
  • Pediatric Sleep Disorders Clinic
  • CPAP follow-up Clinic
  • Inpatient sleep consultations
  • Adult and pediatric polysomnogram interpretation
  • MSLT/MWT/actigraphy/sleep log interpretation

Sleep Disorders Clinic
Training in outpatient sleep medicine is a critical component of the fellowship experience at the University of Chicago. Outpatient training is provided during the entire fellowship in a continuity clinic in the Center for Advanced Medicine on the main campus and at the University of Chicago Medical Center at 150 East Huron Street in downtown Chicago. The Sleep Disorders Clinic consists of Pulmonary, Neurology, and Pediatric experience. We also have an active CPAP follow-up clinic. Each week the fellows attend three half day clinics, one of which is the fellow's continuity clinic. The sleep clinics have over 3,000 patient encounters per year. The fellows see patients in collaboration with a dedicated attending physician. Ample time is provided to review findings and to discuss patient care issues. Additional time is used for directed teaching of topics important to outpatient sleep medicine. Fellows assume primary responsibility for managing patients. On average each fellow evaluates 250 new and 450 follow-up adult patients per year. Additionally each fellow evaluates approximately 100 new and 100 follow-up pediatric sleep patients per year. Based on each fellow’s primary interest, arrangements can be made to increase the exposure to pediatric sleep medicine.

Adult and pediatric record interpretation
Four half day sessions are dedicated to interpretation of polysomnograms under the direct supervision of a faculty member. Additionally, during these sessions the fellows learn to assess all types of primary data that contribute to the accurate diagnosis of sleep disorders such as MSLT’s, MWT’s, history, sleep logs, actigraphy, and pulmonary function testing. Reading sessions may also include fellows in pulmonary and critical care, residents in neurology or pediatrics, and medical students. The clinical sleep laboratories at the hospital campus as well as the 150 East Huron Street are each equipped with 8 state-of-the art beds (total of 16 clinical beds). Both clinical sleep laboratories are active every day of the week and generate approximately 3,000 polysomnograms per year. Each night three to four of the beds are dedicated to pediatric patients from infants to adolescents.

Research in Sleep Medicine and Intermittent Hypoxia
Dr. David Gozal’s research focuses on bench-to-bedside approaches to pediatric sleep disorders, such as childhood obstructive sleep apnea and sudden infant death syndrome. He studies the mechanisms that mediate defense responses and those that lead to complications from low oxygen levels and disrupted sleep, and the long-term health and developmental consequences of chronic sleep and breathing problems during childhood. His research is funded by several National Institutes of Health grants.

Dr. Eve Van Cauter directs a very active sleep research program with additional six research beds funded by the National Institutes of Health evaluating the impact of sleep loss on endocrine and metabolic function and the possible endocrine benefits of improved sleep quality. In addition, there are ongoing studies evaluating the metabolic impact of CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea.

Dr. Nanduri Prabhakar, a world expert on various aspects of oxygen biology serves as the Director of the Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing. The research activities of Core and the collaborating faculty members are supported by RO1 as well as Program Project Grants (PO1) from National Institutes of Health. The ongoing research falls under the following broad categories: (i) oxygen sensing, utilization, and deficiency; (ii) remodeling of organ function in hypoxia, hyperoxia, and intermittent hypoxia and (iii) biology of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A wide repertoire of experimental approaches including whole animal to organ function, to isolation of mitochondria, to gene transfer applications, to identification of the signaling pathways, to the study of ROS, to optimization and out-comes analysis of supplemental oxygen therapies are being employed.

Clinical and Research Conferences
The Sleep Medicine Fellowship Program is particularly proud of the quality and diversity of the teaching experience, including the many conferences and seminars. Several important conferences are offered as part of the teaching program:

Core Curriculum: weekly one hour conference during the year covering topics such as normal human sleep, basics of polysomnography, sleep physiology, insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing (obstructive, central, periodic breathing, obesity hypoventilation), pediatric sleep disorders (respiratory and non-respiratory), parasomnias, RLS/PLMD’s, pharmacology of sleep, narcolepsy, sleep and other comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, endocrine, CNS, and neuromuscular disorders), circadian rhythm disorders, among other topics.

Multidisciplinary Conference: weekly one hour conference including presentation of cases by fellows with a goal of developing a formalized approach to clinical problem solving. During these sessions’ polysomnograms or other recorded material are presented as well.

Journal Club: monthly one hour conference during which fellows present and discuss in depth important recent articles in Sleep Medicine.

Research Conference: monthly one hour conference that highlights the work of clinical and post-doctoral fellows, as well as junior faculty in conjunction with Dr. David Gozal’s laboratory and Dr. Van Cauter’s Sleep, Chronobiology and Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory. . This conference also provides basics on research methodology.

Faculty

David Gozal, M.D.
Professor and Chair
Department of Pediatrics
Physician-in-Chief, Comer Children’s Hospital
Dr. David Gozal has been a pioneer in the study of childhood sleep problems and the relationship between sleep disorders and neurobehavioral or cardiovascular diseases. A founding member of the International Pediatric Sleep Association, Dr. Gozal has held prominent roles in many professional societies, including serving on the board of directors for the American Thoracic Society and on the executive committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. He is deputy editor for the journal Sleep, a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals, and a reviewer for more than 30. He has published more than 300 peer-reviewed articles and has lectured extensively all over the world. Dr.Gozal's research focuses on bench-to-bedside approaches to pediatric sleep disorders, such as childhood obstructive sleep apnea and sudden infant death syndrome. He studies the mechanisms that mediate defense responses and those that lead to complications from low oxygen levels and disrupted sleep, and the long-term health and developmental consequences of chronic sleep and breathing problems during childhood. His research is funded by several NIH grants.

Leila K. Gozal, M.D.
Associate Professor of Pediatrics (RA)
Department of Pediatrics
Dr. Leila Gozal is a prolific scientist and a clinical researcher. She has published extensively in the field of pediatric sleep disorders. Her current interest is to study atherosclerosis, inflammation and obstructive sleep apnea in children.

John Jacobsen, M.D., Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Neurology
Department of Neurology
Dr. John Jacobsen is an expert in the neurophysiology of sleep and neuromuscular transmission. He is active in teaching sleep medicine, EEG and EMG to residents and fellows in training.

Michael H. Kohrman, M.D., M.S.
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology
Department of Pediatrics
Dr. Kohrman is an expert in the care of children with neurological problems, especially sleep disorders, epilepsy, and seizures. He is trained as both a neurologist and a pediatrician. He is a member of the Hospitals' Pediatric Epilepsy Center team and director of the Pediatric Clinical Neurophysiology Lab. Dr. Kohrman's research interests are related to childhood sleep disorders and epilepsy, and their interactions.

Babak Mokhlesi, M.D., M.Sc.
Director of Sleep Disorders Center
Director of the Sleep Fellowship Program
Associate Professor of Medicine
Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Dr. Mokhlesi has studied the prevalence and predictors of hypercapnia in patients with OSA (obesity hypoventilation syndrome) and the impact of adherence with positive airway pressure therapy on hypercapnia in these patients. He is also interested in studying the impact of CPAP therapy on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in obstructive sleep apnea.

Nanduri R. Prabhakar, PhD, D.Sc.
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Section of Emergency Medicine
Dr. Prabhakar is a leading authority in the field of oxygen sensing and physiological consequences of chronic hypoxia. Dr. Prabhakar and his team are investigating: a) role of ion channels and second messengers in oxygen sensing mechanisms at the carotid body chemoreceptors, b) cardio-respiratory responses to chronic intermittent and continuous hypoxia, and c) mechanisms of transcription factor activation by chronic continuous and intermittent hypoxia. Using rodent and cell culture models of intermittent hypoxia, Dr. Prabhakar’s lab identified novel signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the morbidity associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia. He is the Director of the Center for Systems Biology of Oxygen Sensing. The research activities of Core and the collaborating faculty members at the Center are supported by RO1 as well as Program Project Grants (PO1) from National Institutes of Health.

Helene Rubeiz, M.D.
Assistant Professor of Neurology
Program Director, Neurology Residency Program
Department of Neurology
Dr. Rubeiz's main interests are general clinical neurology, in particular, neuromuscular diseases and sleep disorders. She enjoys seeing patients in clinic and supervising residents and fellows.

Esra Tasali, M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Dr.Tasali is a funded NIH investigator interested in studying the links between sleep and metabolic, endocrine and cardiovascular functions. Dr.Tasali’s current research focuses on the role of sleep disturbances in the development of metabolic and endocrine abnormalities including type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome

Eve Van Cauter, PhD.
Professor of Medicine
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism
Director of the Sleep, Chronobiology and Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory
Dr. Van Cauter’s major interests are the role of sleep in the regulation of hormonal rhythms and the characterization of the abnormal sleep patterns found in a variety of conditions, including aging. She uses analyses of temporal patterns of hormonal secretion to study the functional significance of sleep and circadian rhythmicity on endocrine function in normal and pathological conditions. In recent years, Dr. Van Cauter has also led a major research program evaluating the impact of sleep loss on endocrine and metabolic function and the possible endocrine benefits of improved sleep quality in older adults.

Fuad Baroody, M.D.
Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics
Director, Pediatric Otolaryngology
Dr. Fuad Baroody is an expert pediatric head and neck surgeon--specializing in obstructive sleep apnea, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and other pediatric disorders including recurrent ear infections and airway narrowing. Dr. Baroody has written more than 70 peer reviewed scientific articles and 15 book chapters on allergic diseases.


Recent Publications by the Faculty

  1. Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L.  Obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness in pre pubertal children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics 2009; 123(1):13-18.
  2. Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Intranasal budesonide treatment in children with mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics 2008; 122(1):e149-155.
  3. Sans Capdevila O, Crabtree VM, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Increased morning brain natriuretic peptide levels in children with nocturnal enuresis and sleep-disordered breathing: a community-based study. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):e1208-1214.
  4. Gozal D, Sans Capdevila O, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Metabolic alterations and inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea among non-obese and obese prepubertal children. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2008; 177(10):1142-1149.
  5. Khalyfa A, Sans Capdevila O, Boazza M, Serpero LD, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Genome-wide gene expression profiling in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. 2009; 10(1):75-86.
  6. Sans Capdevila O, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Dayyat E, Gozal D. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: Complications, management, and long-term outcomes. Proc Am Thor Soc 2008; 5 :274-282.
  7. Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Cardiovascular morbidity in obstructive sleep apnea: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and much more. Am J. Resp. Crit Care Med 2008; 177(4):369-375.
  8. Dayyat E, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Childhood obstructive sleep apnea: One or two distinct disease entities? Clin. Sleep Med. 2007; 2:433-444.
  9. Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Neurocognitive and behavioral morbidity in children with   sleep disorders. Curr Opinion in Pulm Dis. 2007; 13:505-509.
  10. Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Sans Capdevila O, Dayyat E, Kheirandish E. Prevalence of recurrent otitis media in habitually snoring school-aged children. Sleep Med 2008; 9:549-554
  11. Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Serpero LD, Sans Capdevila O, Dayyat E. Obstructive sleep apnea and endothelial function in school-aged non-obese children: effect of adenotonsillectomy. Circulation 2007; 116(20):2307-2314.
  12. Gozal D, Serpero LD, Sans Capdevila O, Kheirandish-Gozal L. Systemic inflammation in non-obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2008; 9(3):254-259.
  13. Goldbart AD, Mager E, Veling MC, Goldman JL, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Serpero LD, Piedimonte G, Gozal D.  Neurotrophins and tonsilllar hypertrophy in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatr Res. 2007 ; 62(4):489-494.
  14. Lee WY, Mokhlesi B. Diagnosis and management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin. 2008 Jul;24(3):533-49.
  15. Tasali E., Mokhlesi B., Van Cauter E. Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: interacting epidemics. Chest. 2008 Feb;133(2):496-506.
  16. Mokhlesi B, Kryger MH, Grunstein RR. Assessment and management of patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008 Feb 15;5(2):218-25.
  17. Mokhlesi B, Tulaimat A. Recent advances in obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Chest 2007; 132:1322-36
  18. Mokhlesi B. Positive airway pressure titration in obesity hypoventilation syndrome: CPAP or bi-level PAP? Chest 2007; 131:1624-6
  19. Ip M, Mokhlesi B. Sleep and glucose intolerance/diabetes mellitus. Sleep Med Clin 2007; 2:19-29.
  20. Mokhlesi B, Tulaimat A, Faibussowitsch I, Wang Y, Evans AT. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: prevalence and predictors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
    Sleep Breath. 2007; 11:117-124.
  21. Mokhlesi B., Tulaimat A., Evans AT., Wang Y., Hassaballa HA., Itani A, Herdegen JJ., Stepanski EJ. Impact of adherence with positive airway pressure therapy on hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 2006; 2:57-62
  22. Hassaballa HA., Tulaimat A., Herdegen JJ., Mokhlesi B. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure on glucose control in diabetic patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2005; 9:176-180.
  23. Tasali E, Leproult R, Ehrmann DA, Van Cauter E. Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jan 22;105(3):1044-9.
  24. Tasali E, Ip MS. Obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome: alterations in glucose metabolism and inflammation. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008 Feb 15;5(2):207-17.
  25. Van Cauter E, Holmback U, Knutson K, Leproult R, Miller A, Nedeltcheva A, Pannain S, Penev P, Tasali E, Spiegel K. Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Horm Res. 2007;67 Suppl 1:2-9. Epub 2007 Feb 15.
  26. Latta F, Leproult R, Tasali E, Hofmann E, Van Cauter E. Sex differences in delta and alpha EEG activities in healthy older adults. Sleep. 2005 Dec 1;28(12):1525-34.
  27. Latta F, Leproult R, Tasali E, Hofmann E, L'Hermite-Baleriaux M, Copinschi G, Van Cauter E. Sex differences in nocturnal growth hormone and prolactin secretion in healthy older adults: relationships with sleep EEG variables. Sleep. 2005 Dec 1;28(12):1519-24.
  28. Spiegel K, Knutson K, Leproult R, Tasali E, Van Cauter E. Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2005 Nov;99(5):2008-19.
  29. Tasali E, Van Cauter E, Ehrmann DA. Relationships between sleep disordered breathing and glucose metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;91(1):36-42.
  30. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 7;141(11):846-50.
  31. Nanduri J, Wang N, Yuan G, Khan SA, Souvannakitti D, Peng YJ, Kumar GK, Garcia JA, Prabhakar NR. Intermittent hypoxia degrades HIF-2alpha via calpains resulting in oxidative stress: implications for recurrent apnea-induced morbidities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jan 27;106(4):1199-204.
  32. Sharma SD, Raghuraman G, Lee MS, Prabhakar NR, Kumar GK. Intermittent hypoxia activates peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase in rat brain stem via reactive oxygen species-mediated proteolytic processing. J Appl Physiol. 2009 Jan;106(1):12-9. J Cell Physiol. 2008 Dec;217(3):674-85.
  33. Yuan G, Nanduri J, Khan S, Semenza GL, Prabhakar NR. Induction of HIF-1alpha expression by intermittent hypoxia: involvement of NADPH oxidase, Ca2+ signaling, prolyl hydroxylases, and mTOR. J. Cell. Physiology. 217: 674-685, 2008.
  34. Kuri BA, Khan SA, Chan SA, Prabhakar NR, Smith CB. Increased secretory capacity of mouse adrenal chromaffin cells by chronic intermittent hypoxia: involvement of protein kinase C. J Physiology. 584:313-9. 2007.
  35. Prabhakar NR, Kumar GK, Nanduri J, Semenza GL. ROS signaling in systemic and cellular responses to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Antioxid Redox Signal. 9:1397-403. 2007.
  36. Prabhakar NR. Novel role for reactive oxygen species as amplifiers of intermittent hypoxia. J Neurophysiol. 97:1877-78. 2007.
  37. Prabhakar NR, Dick TE, Nanduri J, Kumar GK. Systemic, cellular and molecular analysis of chemoreflex-mediated sympathoexcitation by chronic intermittent hypoxia. Exp Physiol. 92:39-44. 2007.
  38. Nanduri J and N.R. Prabhakar. Cellular mechanisms associated with intermittent hypoxia. Essays Biochem. 43:91-104. 2007.
  39. Luc ME, Gupta A, Birnberg JM, Reddick D, Kohrman MH. Characterization of symptoms of sleep disorders in children with headache. Pediatr Neurol. 2006 Jan;34(1):7-12.
  40. Su S, Baroody FM, Kohrman M, Suskind D. A comparison of polysomnography and a portable home sleep study in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
    Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec;131(6):844-50
  41. Meoli AL, Rosen CL, Kristo D, Kohrman M, Gooneratne N, Aguillard RN, Fayle R, Troell R, Kramer R, Casey KR, Coleman J Jr; Clinical Practice Review Committee; American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Upper airway management of the adult patient with obstructive sleep apnea in the perioperative period--avoiding complications. Sleep. 2003 Dec 15;26(8):1060-5
  42. Meoli AL, Rosen CL, Kristo D, Kohrman M, Gooneratne N, Aguillard RN, Fayle R, Troell R; Clinical Practice Review Committee, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Nonprescription treatments of snoring or obstructive sleep apnea: an evaluation of products with limited scientific evidence. Sleep. 2003 Aug 1;26(5):619-24.

 
 
 
uchicagosm ©1998-99 The University of Chicago® 5801 South Ellis, Chicago, IL 60637 773-702-1234